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Joker (character) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "The Joker" redirects here. For other characte or uses of (The) Joker, see Joker. The Joker Joker (DC Comics character).jpg The Joker Art by Alex Ross Publication information Publisher DC Comics Fit appearance Batman #1 (April 25, 1940)[1] Created by Bill Finger Bob Kane Jerry Robion In-story information Team affiliatio Injustice League Injustice Gang Notable aliases Red Hood[2] Abilities Criminal mastermind Expert chemist Uses weaponized props and toxi The Joker is a supervillain created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robion who fit appeared in the debut issue of the comic book Batman (April 25, 1940), published by DC Comics. Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robion claimed respoibility for the Joker's design while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman. In his comic book appearances, the Joker is portrayed as a criminal mastermind. Introduced as a psychopath with a warped, sadistic see of humor, the character became a goofy prankster in the late 1950s in respoe to regulation by the Comics Code Authority, before returning to his darker roots during the early 1970s. As Batman's nemesis, the Joker has been part of the superhero's defining stories, including the murder of Jason Todd—the second Robin and Batman's ward—and the paralysis of one of Batman's allies, Barbara Gordon. The Joker has had various possible origin stories during his decades of appearances. The most common story involves him falling into a tank of chemical waste that bleaches his skin white and tur his hair green and lips bright red; the resulting disfigurement drives him iane. The antithesis of Batman in peonality and appearance, the Joker is coidered by critics to be his perfect adveary. The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities, itead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctio, and thematic weaponry, including razor-tipped playing cards, deadly joy buzze, and acid-spraying lapel flowe. The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillai such as the Penguin and Two-Face, and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League, but these relatiohips often collapse due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos. The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist, Harley Quinn, who becomes his villainous sidekick. Although his primary obsession is Batman, the Joker has also fought other heroes including Superman and Wonder Woman. One of the most iconic characte in popular culture, the Joker has been listed among the greatest comic book villai and fictional characte ever created. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, such as clothing and collectible items, ipire real-world structures (such as theme park attractio), and be referenced in a number of media. The Joker has been adapted to serve as Batman's adveary in live-action, animated, and video game incarnatio, including the 1960s Batman television series played by Cesar Romero and in films by Jack Nicholson in Batman (1989), Heath Ledger in The Dark Knight (2008) and Joaquin Phoenix in Joker (2019). Mark Hamill, Troy Baker and othe have provided the character's voice. Contents 1 Creation and development 1.1 Concept 1.2 Golden Age 1.3 Silver Age 1.4 Bronze Age 1.5 Modern Age 2 Character biography 2.1 Origi 2.2 Alternative veio 3 Characterization 3.1 Peonality 3.2 Skills and equipment 3.3 Relatiohips 4 Cultural impact and legacy 4.1 Literary analysis 4.2 In other media 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Sources 6 External links Creation and development Concept Sketch of a playing card with a grinning Joker A young man looks away from the camera with a stretched-wide smile (left) Jerry Robion's 1940 concept sketch of the Joker. (right) Actor Conrad Veidt in character as Gwynplaine in The Man Who Laughs (1928). Veidt's grinning visage ipired the Joker design. Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robion are credited with creating the Joker, but their accounts of the character's conception differ, each providing his own veion of events. Finger's, Kane's, and Robion's veio acknowledge that Finger produced an image of actor Conrad Veidt in character as Gwynplaine (a man with a disfigured face, giving him a perpetual grin) in the 1928 film The Man Who Laughs as an ipiration for the Joker's appearance, and Robion produced a sketch of a joker playing card.[2][3] Robion claimed that it was his 1940 card sketch that served as the character's concept, and that Finger associated with Veidt's portrayal.[2] Kane hired the 17-year-old Robion as an assistant in 1939, after he saw Robion in a white jacket decorated with his own illustratio.[4][5] Beginning as a letterer and background inker, Robion quickly became primary artist for the newly created Batman comic book series. In a 1975 interview in The Amazing World of DC Comics, Robion said he wanted a supreme arch-villain who could test Batman, not a typical crime lord or gangster designed to be easily disposed of. He wanted an exotic, enduring character as an ongoing source of conflict for Batman (similar to the relatiohip between Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty), designing a diabolically sinister-but-clownish villain.[6][7][8] Robion was intrigued by villai; his studies at Columbia Univeity taught him that some characte are made up of contradictio, leading to the Joker's see of humor. He said that the name came fit, followed by an image of a playing card from a deck he often had at hand: "I wanted somebody visually exciting. I wanted somebody that would make an indelible impression, would be bizarre, would be memorable like the Hunchback of Notre Dame or any other villai that had unique physical characte."[9][10] He told Finger about his concept by telephone, later providing sketches of the character and images of what would become his iconic Joker playing-card design. Finger thought the concept was incomplete, providing the image of Veidt with a ghastly, permanent rictus grin.[6] Kane countered that Robion's sketch was produced only after Finger had already shown the Gwynplaine image to Kane, and that it was only used as a card design belonging to the Joker in his early appearances.[3] Finger said that he was also ipired by an image in Steeplechase Park at Coney Island that resembled a Joker's head, which he sketched and later shared with future editorial director Carmine Infantino.[11] In a 1994 interview with journalist Frank Lovece, Kane stated his position: Bill Finger and I created the Joker. Bill was the writer. Jerry Robion came to me with a playing card of the Joker. That's the way I sum it up. [The Joker] looks like Conrad Veidt – you know, the actor in The Man Who Laughs, [the 1928 movie based on the novel] by Victor Hugo. ... Bill Finger had a book with a photograph of Conrad Veidt and showed it to me and said, 'Here's the Joker.' Jerry Robion had absolutely nothing to do with it, but he'll always say he created it till he dies. He brought in a playing card, which we used for a couple of issues for him [the Joker] to use as his playing card.[12][13] Robion credited himself, Finger, and Kane for the Joker's creation. He said he created the character as Batman's larger-than-life nemesis when extra stories were quickly needed for Batman #1, and he received credit for the story in a college coue:[14] In that fit meeting when I showed them that sketch of the Joker, Bill said it reminded him of Conrad Veidt in The Man Who Laughs. That was the fit mention of it ... He can be credited and Bob himself, we all played a role in it. The concept was mine. Bill finished that fit script from my outline of the peona and what should happen in the fit story. He wrote the script of that, so he really was co-creator, and Bob and I did the visuals, so Bob was also.[15] Finger provided his own account in 1966: I got a call from Bob Kane.... He had a new villain. When I arrived he was holding a playing card. Apparently Jerry Robion or Bob, I don't recall who, looked at the card and they had an idea for a character ... the Joker. Bob made a rough sketch of it. At fit it didn't look much like the Joker. It looked more like a clown. But I remembered that Grosset & Dunlap formerly issued very cheap editio of classics by Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo ... The volume I had was The Man Who Laughs — his face had been permanently operated on so that he will always have this perpetual grin. And it looked absolutely weird. I cut the picture out of the book and gave it to Bob, who drew the profile and gave it a more sinister aspect. Then he worked on the face; made him look a little clown-like, which accounted for his white face, red lips, green hair. And that was the Joker![16] Although Kane adamantly refused to share credit for many of his characte (and refuted Robion's claim until Kane's death), many comic historia credit Robion with the Joker's creation and Finger with the character's development.[2][3][4][11] By 2011, Finger, Kane, and Robion had died, leaving the story unresolved.[6][11][17] Golden Age Comic book panel of the grinning Joker From the Joker's debut in Batman #1 (April 25, 1940) The Joker debuted in Batman #1 (spring 1940) as the eponymous character's fit villain, about a year after Batman's debut in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939). The Joker initially appeared as a remoeless serial killer, modeled after a joker playing card with a mirthless grin, who killed his victims with "Joker Venom," a toxin that left their faces smiling grotesquely.[18] The character was intended to be killed in his second appearance in Batman #1, after being stabbed in the heart. Finger wanted the Joker to die because of his concern that recurring villai would make Batman appear inept, but was overruled by then-editor Whitney Ellsworth; a hastily drawn panel, indicating that the Joker was still alive, was added to the comic.[2][19][20] The Joker went on to appear in nine of Batman's fit twelve issues.[21] The character's regular appearances quickly defined him as the archenemy of the Dynamic Duo – Batman and Robin; he killed doze of people, and even derailed a train. By issue #13, Kane's work on the syndicated Batman newspaper strip left him little time for the comic book; artist Dick Sprang assumed his duties, and editor Jack Schiff collaborated with Finger on stories. Around the same time, DC Comics found it easier to market its stories to children without the more mature pulp elements that had originated many superhero comics. During this period, the fit changes in the Joker began to appear, portraying him more as a prankster than threat; when he kidnaps Robin, Batman pays the raom by check, meaning that the Joker cannot cash it without being arrested.[22] Comic book writer Mark Waid suggests that the 1942 story "The Joker Walks the Last Mile" was the beginning point for the character's traformation into a more goofy incarnation, a period that Grant Morrison coidered lasted the following thirty yea.[23] The 1942 cover of Detective Comics #69, known as "Double Gu" (with the Joker emerging from a genie lamp, aiming two gu at Batman and Robin), is coidered one of the greatest superhero comic cove of the Golden Age and is the only image of the character using traditional gu. Robion said that other contemporary villai used gu, and the creative team wanted the Joker—as Batman's adveary—to be more resourceful.[9][24] Silver Age The Joker was one of the few popular villai continuing to appear regularly in Batman comics from the Golden Age into the Silver Age, as the series continued during the rise in popularity of mystery and romance comics. In 1951, Finger wrote an origin story for the Joker in Detective Comics #168, which introduced the characteristic of him formerly being the criminal Red Hood, and his disfigurement the result of a fall into a chemical vat.[25] By 1954, the Comics Code Authority had been established in respoe to increasing public disapproval of comic book content. The backlash was ipired by Frederic Wertham, who hypothesized that mass media (especially comic books) was respoible for the rise in juvenile delinquency, violence and homosexuality, particularly in young males. Parents forbade their children from reading comic books, and there were several mass burnings.[2] The Comics Code banned gore, innuendo and excessive violence, stripping Batman of his menace and traforming the Joker into a goofy, thieving trickster without his original homicidal tendencies.[19][26] The character appeared less frequently after 1964, when Julius Schwartz (who disliked the Joker) became editor of the Batman comics.[2][19][27] The character risked becoming an obscure figure of the preceding era until this goofy prankster veion of the character was adapted into the 1966 television series Batman, in which he was played by Cesar Romero.[2][19] The show's popularity compelled Schwartz to keep the comics in a similar vein. As the show's popularity waned, however, so did that of the Batman comics.[2][27] After the TV series ended in 1968, the increase in public visibility had not stopped the comic's sales decline; editorial director Carmine Infantino resolved to turn things around, moving stories away from schoolboy-friendly adventures.[28] The Silver Age introduced several of the Joker's defining character traits: lethal joy buzze, acid-squirting flowe, trick gu, and goofy, elaborate crimes.[29][30] Bronze Age "Batman" cover, with the Joker holding an ace of spades with Batman on it Cover of Batman #251 (September 1973) featuring "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge", which returned the Joker to his homicidal roots. Art by Neal Adams. In 1973, after a 4-year disappearance,[2] the Joker was revived (and revised) by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams. Beginning with Batman #251's "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge", the character retur to his roots as an impulsive, homicidal maniac who matches wits with Batman.[31][32] This story began a trend in which the Joker was used, sparingly, as a central character.[33] O'Neil said his idea was "simply to take it back to where it started. I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories. I tried to get a see of what Kane and Finger were after."[34] O'Neil's 1973 run introduced the idea of the Joker being legally iane, to explain why the character is sent to Arkham Asylum (introduced by O'Neil in 1974 as Arkham Hospital) itead of to prison.[35] Adams modified the Joker's appearance, changing his more average figure by extending his jaw and making him taller and leaner.[36] DC Comics was a hotbed of experimentation during the 1970s, and in 1975 the character became the fit villain to feature as the title character in a comic book series, The Joker.[37] The series followed the character's interactio with other supervillai, and the fit issue was written by O'Neil.[38] Stories balanced between emphasizing the Joker's criminality and making him a likable protagonist whom reade could support. Although he murdered thugs and civilia, he never fought Batman; this made The Joker a series in which the character's villainy prevailed over rival villai, itead of a struggle between good and evil.[39] Because the Comics Code Authority mandated punishment for villai, each issue ended with the Joker being apprehended, limiting the scope of each story. The series never found an audience, and The Joker was cancelled after nine issues (despite a "next issue" advertisement for an appearance by the Justice League).[38][40][39] The complete series became difficult to obtain over time, often commanding high prices from collecto. In 2013, DC Comics reissued the series as a graphic novel.[41] When Jenette Kahn became DC editor in 1976, she redeveloped the company's struggling titles; during her tenure, the Joker would become one of DC's most popular characte.[39] While O'Neil and Adams' work was critically acclaimed, writer Steve Englehart and penciller Mahall Roge's eight-issue run in Detective Comics #471–476 (August 1977 – April 1978) defined the Joker for decades to come[31] with stories emphasizing the character's ianity. In "The Laughing Fish", the Joker disfigures fish with a rictus grin resembling his own (expecting copyright protection), and is unable to undetand that copyrighting a natural resource is legally impossible.[32][35][42][43] Englehart and Roge' work on the series influenced the 1989 film Batman, and was adapted for 1992's Batman: The Animated Series.[35][44] Roge expanded on Adams' character design, drawing the Joker with a fedora and trench coat.[36] Englehart outlined how he undetood the character by saying that the Joker "was this very crazy, scary character. I really wanted to get back to the idea of Batman fighting iane murdere at 3 a.m. under the full moon, as the clouds scuttled by."[19] Modern Age Yea after the end of the 1966 television series, sales of Batman continued to fall and the title was nearly canceled. Although the 1970s restored the Joker as an iane, lethal foe of Batman, it was during the 1980s that the Batman series started to turn around and the Joker came into his own as part of the "Dark Age" of comics: mature tales of death and destruction. The shift was derided for moving away from tamer superheroes (and villai), but comic audiences were no longer primarily children.[45][31] Several months after Crisis on Infinite Earths launched the era by killing off Silver-Age ico such as the Flash and Supergirl and undoing decades of continuity,[46] Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Retur (1986) re-imagined Batman as an older, retired hero[47] and the Joker as a lipstick-wearing celebrity[36][46] who cannot function without his foe.[48] The late 1980s saw the Joker exert a significant impact on Batman and his supporting cast. In the 1988–89 story arc "A Death in the Family", the Joker murde Batman's sidekick (the second Robin, Jason Todd). Todd was unpopular with fa; rather than modify his character, DC opted to let them vote for his fate and a 72-vote plurality had the Joker beat Todd to death with a crowbar. This story altered the Batman univee: itead of killing anonymous bystande, the Joker murdered a core character in the Batman fiction; this had a lasting effect on future stories.[49][50] Written at the height of teio between the United States and Iran, the story's conclusion had Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini appoint the Joker his country's ambassador to the United Natio (allowing him to temporarily escape justice).[51] Alan Moore and Brian Bolland's 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke expands on the Joker's origi, describing the character as a failed comedian who adopts the identity of Red Hood to support his pregnant wife.[25][52] Unlike The Dark Knight Retur, The Killing Joke takes place in maitream continuity.[53] The novel is described by critics as one of the greatest Joker stories ever written, influencing later comic stories (including the forced retirement of then-Batgirl Barbara Gordon after she is paralyzed by the Joker) and films such as 1989's Batman and 2008's The Dark Knight.[54][55][56] Grant Morrison's 1989 Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth explores the psychoses of Batman, the Joker and other rogues in the eponymous facility.[57][58] The 1992 animated series introduced the Joker's female sidekick: Harley Quinn, a psychiatrist who falls for—and ends up in an abusive relatiohip with—the Joker, becoming his supervillain accomplice. The character was popular, and was adapted into the comics as the Joker's romantic interest in 1999.[59] In the same year, Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle's comic book Anarky concluded with the revelation that the titular character was the Joker's son. Breyfogle conceived the idea as a mea to expand on Anarky's characterization, but O'Neil (by then the editor for the Batman series of books) was opposed to it, and only allowed it to be written under protest, and with a promise that the revelation would eventually be revealed incorrect. However, the Anarky series was cancelled before the rebuttal could be published.[60] The Joker's fit major storyline in The New 52, DC Comics' 2011 reboot of story continuity, was 2012's "Death of the Family" by writer Scott Snyder and artist Greg Capullo. The story arc explores the symbiotic relatiohip between Joker and Batman, and sees the villain shatter the trust between Batman and his adopted family.[21][61] Capullo's Joker design replaced his traditional outfit with a utilitarian, messy, and disheveled appearance to convey that the character was on a mission; his face (surgically removed in 2011's Detective Comics #1) was reattached with belts, wires, and hooks, and he was outfitted with mechanics overalls.[62] The Joker's face was restored in Snyder's and Capullo's "Endgame" (2014), the concluding chapter to "Death of the Family".[63][64] Character biography The Joker has undergone many revisio since his 1940 debut. The most common interpretation of the character is that he is disguised as the criminal Red Hood and puued by Batman. The Joker falls into a vat of chemicals that bleach his skin, color his hair green, dye his lips red, and drives him iane. The reaso why the Joker was disguised as the Red Hood, and his identity before his traformation have changed over time.[19] The character was introduced in Batman #1 (1940), in which he announces that he will kill three of Gotham's prominent citize (including Mayor Henry Claridge). Although the police protect Claridge, the Joker had poisoned him before making his announcement and Claridge dies with a ghastly grin on his face; Batman eventually defeats him, sending him to prison.[65] The Joker commits whimsical, brutal crimes for reaso that, in Batman's words, "make see to him alone".[42] Detective Comics #168 (1951) introduced the Joker's fit origin story as Red Hood: a criminal who, during his final heist, vanishes after leaping into a vat of chemicals to escape Batman. His resulting disfigurement led him to adopt the name "Joker", from the playing card figure he came to resemble.[25] The Joker's Silver-Age traformation into a figure of fun was established in 1952's "The Joker's Millio". In this story the Joker is obsessed with maintaining his illusion of wealth and celebrity as a criminal folk hero, afraid to let Gotham's citize know that he is penniless and was tricked out of his fortune.[66] The 1970s redefined the character as a homicidal psychopath. "The Joker's Five-Way Revenge" has the Joker taking violent revenge on the former gang membe who betrayed him;[33] in "The Laughing Fish," the character chemically adds his face to Gotham's fish (hoping to profit from a copyright), killing bureaucrats who stand in his way.[32] An older caucasian male with long, thick hair and matching beard, sits facing the camera. The Killing Joke author Alan Moore in 2008. The novel has been described as the greatest Joker story ever told.[54][55][56] Batman: The Killing Joke (1988) built on the Joker's 1951 origin story, portraying him as a failed comedian pressured into committing crime as the Red Hood to support his pregnant wife. Batman's interference causes him to leap into a chemical vat, which disfigures him. This, combined with the trauma of his wife's earlier accidental death, causes him to go iane and become the Joker.[25] However, the Joker says that this story may not be true, as he prefe his past to be "multiple choice".[67] In this graphic novel, the Joker shoots and paralyzes Barbara Gordon and tortures her father, Commissioner James Gordon, to prove that it only takes one bad day to drive a normal man iane.[53] After Batman rescues Gordon and subdues the Joker, he offe to rehabilitate his old foe and end their rivalry. Although the Joker refuses, he shows his appreciation by sharing a joke with Batman.[68] Following the character's maiming of Barbara, she became a more important character in the DC Univee: Oracle, a data gatherer and superhero informant, who has her revenge in Birds of Prey by shattering the Joker's teeth and destroying his smile.[53] In the 1988 story "A Death in the Family," the Joker beats Jason Todd with a crowbar and leaves him to die in an explosion. Todd's death haunts Batman, and for the fit time he coide killing the Joker.[49] The Joker temporarily escapes justice when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini appoints him the Iranian ambassador to the United Natio, giving him diplomatic immunity; however, when he tries to poison the UN membehip, he is defeated by Batman and Superman.[31] In the 1999 "No Man's Land" storyline, the Joker murde Commissioner Gordon's second wife, Sarah, as she shields a group of infants.[69] He taunts Gordon, who shoots him in the kneecap. The Joker, lamenting that he may never walk again, collapses with laughter when he realizes that the commissioner has avenged Barbara's paralysis.[70] This story also introduced the Joker's girlfriend, Harley Quinn.[59] The 2000s began with the crossover story "Emperor Joker", in which the Joker steals Mister Mxyzptlk's reality-altering power and remakes the univee in his image (torturing and killing Batman daily, before resurrecting him). When the supervillain then tries to destroy the univee, his reluctance to eliminate Batman makes him lose control, and Superman defeats him.[71] Broken by his experience, Batman's experiences of death are traferred to Superman by the Spectre so he can heal mentally.[72] In "Joker: Last Laugh" (2001), the docto at Arkham Asylum convince the character that he is dying in an attempt to rehabilitate him. Itead, the Joker (flanked by an army of "Jokerized" supervillai) launches a final crime spree. Believing that Robin (Tim Drake) has been killed in the chaos, Dick Grayson beats the Joker to death (although Batman revives his foe to keep Grayson from being a murderer), and the villain succeeds in making a member of the Bat-family break their rule agait killing.[31][65] In "Under the Hood" (2005), a resurrected Todd tries to force Batman to avenge his death by killing the Joker. Batman refuses, arguing that if he allows himself to kill the Joker, he will not be able to stop killing other criminals.[73] The Joker kills Alexander Luthor in Infinite Crisis (2005) for excluding him from the Secret Society of Super Villai, which coide him too unpredictable for membehip.[74][75] In Morrison's "Batman and Son" (2006), a deranged police officer who impeonates Batman shoots the Joker in the face, scarring and disabling him. The supervillain retur in "The Clown at Midnight" (2007) as a cruel, enigmatic force who awake and tries to kill Harley Quinn to prove to Batman that he has become more than human.[76][31] In the 2008 story arc "Batman R.I.P." the Joker is recruited by the Black Glove to destroy Batman, but betrays the group, killing its membe one by one.[65] After Batman's apparent death in "Final Crisis" (2008), Grayson investigates a series of murde (which leads him to a disguised Joker).[77] The Joker is arrested, and then-Robin Damian Wayne beats him with a crowbar, paralleling Todd's murder. When the Joker escapes, he attacks the Black Glove, burying its leader Simon Hurt alive after the supervillain coide him a failure as an opponent; the Joker is then defeated by the recently returned Batman.[78][79][80] In DC's New 52, a 2011 relaunch of its titles following Flashpoint, the Joker has his own face cut off.[81] He disappea for a year, returning to launch an attack on Batman's extended family in "Death of the Family" so he and Batman can be the best hero and villain they can be.[82] At the end of the storyline, the Joker falls off a cliff into a dark abyss.[82][83] The Joker retur in the 2014 storyline "Endgame" in which he brainwashes the Justice League into attacking Batman, believing he has betrayed their relatiohip.[84][85] The story implies that the Joker is immortal—having existed for centuries in Gotham as a cause of tragedy after exposure to a substance the Joker terms 'dionesium'—and is able to regenerate from mortal injuries. "Endgame" restores the Joker's face, and also reveals that he knows Batman's secret identity.[63] The story ends with the apparent deaths of Batman and the Joker at each other's hands, though it is revealed that they were both resurrected in a life-restoring Lazarus Pit, without their memories.[64][86] At the conclusion of the "Darkseid War" storyline, Batman used Metron's Mobius Chair to know the Joker's true name. The Mobius Chair revealed there are "three separate veio" of him on the loose.[87] The Joker teams up with Batman in Dark Nights: Metal to combat The Batman Who Laughs—an alternate veion of Batman who was traformed into the Joker.[88] Origi "They've given many origi of the Joker, how he came to be. That doesn't seem to matter—just how he is now. I never intended to give a reason for his appearance. We discussed that and Bill [Finger] and I never wanted to change it at that time. I thought—and he agreed—that it takes away some of the essential mystery." – Jerry Robion, the Joker's creator[89] Though a number of backstories have been given, a definitive one has not yet been established for the Joker. An unreliable narrator, the character is uncertain of who he was before and how he became the Joker: "Sometimes I remember it one way, sometimes another ... if I'm going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice!"[7][67] A story about the Joker's origin appeared in Detective Comics #168 (February 1951), nearly a decade after the character's debut. Here, the character is a laboratory worker who becomes the Red Hood (a masked criminal) to steal a million dolla from his employer and retire. He falls into a vat of chemical waste when his heist is thwarted by Batman, emerging with bleached white skin, red lips, green hair and a permanent grin.[90][91] This story was the basis for the most often-cited origin tale, Moore's one-shot The Killing Joke.[55] The Joker quits his job as a lab assistant, becoming a stand-up comedian to support his pregnant wife. Uuccessful, he agrees to help mobste with a robbery and do the Red Hood. The heist goes awry; the comedian leaps into a chemical vat to escape Batman, surfacing disfigured. This, combined with the earlier accidental death of his wife and unborn child, drives the comedian iane and he becomes the Joker.[25][31] This veion has been cited in many stories, including Batman: The Man Who Laughs (in which Batman deduces that the Red Hood survived his fall and became the Joker), Batman #450 (in which the Joker do the Red Hood to aid his recovery after the events in A Death in the Family, but finds the experience too traumatic) and "Death of the Family."[91] Other stories have expanded on this origin; "Pushback" explai that the Joker's wife was murdered by a corrupt policeman working for the mobste,[92] and "Payback" gives the Joker's fit name as "Jack."[91] However, the Joker's unreliable memory has allowed write to develop other origi for the character.[91] "Case Study," a Paul Dini-Alex Ross story, describes the Joker as a sadistic gangster who creates the Red Hood identity to continue the thrill of small-time criminality. He has his fateful fit meeting with Batman, which results in his disfigurement. It is suggested that the Joker is sane, and feig ianity to avoid the death penalty. In Batman Confidential (#7–12), the character, Jack, is a talented criminal who is bored with his work. He encounte (and becomes obsessed with) Batman during a heist, embarking on a crime spree to attract his attention. After Jack injures Batman's girlfriend, Batman sca Jack's face with a permanent grin and betrays him to a group of mobste, who torture him in a chemical plant. Jack escapes, but falls into an empty vat as gunfire punctures chemical tanks above him. The flood of chemicals (used in anti-psychotic medication) alte his appearance and completes his traformation.[93] The superhero Atom sees the Joker's memory of burning his parents alive (after they find him killing animals) in The Brave and the Bold #31,[94] and Snyder's "Zero Year" (2013) suggests that the pre-disfigured Joker was a criminal mastermind leading a gang of Red Hoods.[84][95] The Joker has claimed a number of origi, including being the child of an abusive father who broke his nose, and the long-lived jester of an Egyptian pharaoh. As Batman says, "Like any other comedian, he uses whatever material will work."[96] Alternative veio Main article: Alternative veio of Joker A number of alternate univees in DC Comics publicatio allow write to introduce variatio on the Joker, in which the character's origi, behavior, and morality differ from the maitream setting.[97] The Dark Knight Retur depicts the final battle between an aged Batman and Joker; othe portray the aftermath of the Joker's death at the hands of a number of characte, including Superman.[71][98] Still othe describe distant futures in which the Joker is a computer virus or a hero trying to defeat the era's tyrannical Batman.[99] In some stories, the Joker is someone else entirely; "Flashpoint" features Batman's mother Martha Wayne as the Joker in respoe to her son's murder,[100] and in Superman: Speeding Bullets, Lex Luthor becomes the Joker in a world where Superman is Batman.[101] Characterization Renowned as Batman's greatest enemy,[102][103][104][105] the Joker is known by a number of nicknames, including the Clown Prince of Crime, the Harlequin of Hate, the Ace of Knaves, and the Jester of Genocide.[104][106] During the evolution of the DC Univee, interpretatio and veio of the Joker have taken two forms. The original, dominant image is that of an extreme psychopath,[107] with genius-level intelligence and a warped, sadistic see of humor.[108][109] The other veion, popular in comic books from the late 1940s to the 1960s and in the 1960s television series, is an eccentric, harmless prankster and thief.[110] Like other long-lived characte, the Joker's character and cultural interpretatio have changed with time, however unlike other characte who may need to reconcile or ignore previous veio to make see, more than any other comic book character, the Joker thrives on his mutable and irreconcilable identities.[111] The Joker is typically seen in a purple suit with a long-tailed, padded-shoulder jacket, a string tie, gloves, striped pants and spats on pointed-toe shoes (sometimes with a wide-brimmed hat). This appearance is such a fundamental aspect of the character that when the 2004 animated series The Batman placed the Joker in a straitjacket, it quickly redesigned him in his familiar suit.[110] The Joker is obsessed with Batman, the pair representing a yin-yang of opposing dark and light force; although it is the Joker who represents humor and color and Batman who dwells in the dark.[112] No crime – including murder, theft, and terrorism – is beyond the Joker, and his exploits are theatrical performances that are funny to him alone. Spectacle is more important than success for the Joker, and if it is not spectacular it is boring.[113] Although the Joker claims indifference to everything, he secretly craves Batman's attention and validation.[114][32] The character was described as having killed over 2,000 people in The Joker: Devil's Advocate (1996). Despite this body count, he is always found not guilty by reason of ianity and sent to Arkham Asylum, avoiding the death penalty.[115][116] Many of the Joker's acts attempt to force Batman to kill; if the most orderly and self-controlled of huma can murder, anyone is capable of becoming a moter like the Joker. The villain displays no itinct for self-preservation, and is willing to die to prove his point.[117] The Joker is the "peonification of the irrational," and represents "everything Batman [opposes]."[118] Peonality Smiling, bearded white-haired man Joker co-creator Jerry Robion in 2008; he conceived the Joker as an exotic, enduring arch-villain who could repeatedly challenge Batman. The Joker's main characteristic is his apparent ianity, although he is not described as having any particular psychological disorder. Like a psychopath, he lacks empathy, a cocience, and concern over right and wrong. In Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, the Joker is described as capable of processing outside seory information only by adapting to it. This enables him to create a new peonality every day (depending on what would benefit him) and explai why, at different times, he is a mischievous clown or a psychopathic killer.[119] In "The Clown at Midnight" (Batman #663, 2007), the Joker ente a meditative state where he evaluates his previous selves to cociously create a new peonality, effectively modifying himself for his needs.[120] The Killing Joke (in which the Joker is the unreliable narrator) explai the roots of his ianity as "one bad day": losing his wife and unborn child and being disfigured by chemicals, paralleling Batman's origin in the loss of his parents. He tries (and fails) to prove that anyone can become like him after one bad day by torturing Commissioner Gordon, physically and psychologically.[29][53] Batman offe to rehabilitate his foe; the Joker apologetically declines, believing it too late for him to be saved.[68] Other interpretatio show that the Joker is fully aware of how his actio affect othe and that his ianity as merely an act.[112] Comics scholar Peter Coogan describes the Joker as trying to reshape reality to fit himself by imposing his face on his victims (and fish) in an attempt to make the world compreheible by creating a twisted parody of himself. Englehart's "The Laughing Fish" demotrates the character's illogical nature: trying to copyright fish that bear his face, and not undetanding why threatening the copyright clerk cannot produce the desired result.[121][35] The Joker is alternatively depicted as sexual and asexual.[122] In The Dark Knight Retur and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, the Joker is seductive toward Batman; it is uncertain if their relatiohip has homoerotic undertones or if the Joker is simply trying to manipulate his nemesis. Frank Miller interpreted the character as fixated on death and uninterested in sexual relatiohips, while Robion believes that the Joker is capable of a romantic relatiohip.[122] His relatiohip with Harley Quinn is abusively paradoxical; although the Joker keeps her at his side, he heedlessly harms her (for example, throwing her out a window without seeing if she survives). Harley loves him but the Joker does not reciprocate her feelings, chiding her for distracting him from other pla.[123] Snyder's "Death of the Family" describes the Joker as in love with Batman, although not in a traditionally romantic way. The Joker believes that Batman has not killed him because he makes Batman better, and he loves the villain for that.[61][124] Batman comic book writer Peter Tomasi concurred, stating that the Joker's main goal is to make Batman the best that he can be.[125] The Joker and Batman represent opposites: the extroverted Joker wea colorful clothing and embraces chaos, while the introverted, monochromatic Batman represents order and discipline. The Joker is often depicted as defining his existence through his conflict with Batman. In 1994's "Going Sane," the villain tries to lead a normal life after Batman's (apparent) death, only to become his old self again when Batman reappea; in "Emperor Joker", an apparently omnipotent Joker cannot destroy Batman without undoing himself. Since the Joker is simply "the Joker," he believes that Batman is "Batman" (with or without the costume) and has no interest in what is behind Batman's mask, ignoring opportunities to learn Batman's secret identity.[126][71] Given the opportunity to kill Batman, the villain demu; he believes that without their game, winning is pointless.[114] The character has no desire for typical criminal goals like money or power; his criminality is designed only to continue his game with Batman.[81] The Joker is portrayed as having no fear; when fellow supervillain Scarecrow doses him with fear toxin in Knightfall (1993), the Joker merely laughs and says, "Boo!"[127] The villain has been temporarily rendered sane by several mea, including telepathic manipulation by the Martian Manhunter[68] and being resurrected in a Lazarus Pit (an experience typically inducing temporary ianity in the subject). At these moments, the Joker is depicted as expressing remoe for his acts;[128][129] however, during a medically induced period of partial sanity in Batman: Cacophony he tells his opponent, "I don't hate you 'cause I'm crazy. I'm crazy 'cause I hate you," and confirms that he will only stop murdering when Batman is dead.[130][131] Skills and equipment The Joker has no inherent superhuman abilities.[132] He commits crimes with a variety of weaponized thematic props such as a deck of razor-tipped playing cards, rolling marbles, jack-in-the-boxes with unpleasant surprises and exploding ciga capable of leveling a building. The flower in his lapel sprays acid, and his hand often holds a lethal joy buzzer conducting a million volts of electricity, although both items were introduced in 1952 as harmless joke items.[133][30] However, his chemical genius provides his most-notable weapon: Joker venom, a liquid or gaseous toxin that sends its targets into fits of uncontrollable laughter; higher doses can lead to paralysis, coma or death, leaving its victim with a ghoulish, pained rictus grin. The Joker has used venom since his debut; only he knows the formula, and is shown to be gifted enough to manufacture the toxin from ordinary household chemicals. Another veion of the venom (used in "Joker: Last Laugh") makes its victims resemble the Joker, susceptible to his orde.[32][65][134][135] The villain is immune to venom and most poiso; in Batman #663 (2007), Morrison writes that being "an avid coumer of his own chemical experiments, the Joker's immunity to poison concoctio that might kill another man in an itant has been developed over yea of dedicated abuse."[136][110] The character's aenal is ipired by his nemesis' weaponry, such as batarangs. In "The Joker's Utility Belt" (1952), he mimicked Batman's utility belt with non-lethal items, such as Mexican jumping bea and sneezing powder.[133] In 1942's "The Joker Follows Suit" the villain built his veio of the Batplane and Batmobile, the Jokergyro and Jokermobile (the latter with a large Joker face on its hood), and created a Joker signal with which criminals could summon him for their heists.[137] The Jokermobile lasted for several decades, evolving with the Batmobile. His technical genius is not limited by practicality, allowing him to hijack Gotham's television airwaves to issue threats, traform buildings into death traps, launch a gas attack on the city and rain poisoned glass shards on its citize from an aihip.[138][139] The Joker is portrayed as skilled in melee combat, from his initial appearances when he defeats Batman in a sword fight (nearly killing him), and othe when he overwhelms Batman but declines to kill him.[140] He is talented with firearms, although even his gu are theatrical; his long-barreled revolver often releases a flag reading "Bang", and a second trigger-pull launches the flag to skewer its target.[133][141] Although formidable in combat, the Joker's chief asset is his mind.[99] Relatiohips See also: List of Batman Family enemies The Joker's unpredictable, homicidal nature makes him one of the most feared supervillai in the DC Univee; the Trickster says in the 1995 mini-series Underworld Unleashed, "When villai want to scare each other, they tell Joker stories."[142][143] Gotham's villai also feel threatened by the character; depending on the circumstances, he is as likely to fight with his rivals for control of the city as he is to join them for an entertaining outcome.[144] The Joker interacts with other supervillai who oppose Batman, whether he is on the streets or in Arkham Asylum. He has collaborated with criminals like the Penguin, the Riddler and Two-Face, although these partnehips rarely end well due to the Joker's desire for unbridled chaos, and uses his stature to lead othe (such as Killer Croc and the Scarecrow).[145] The Joker's greatest rival is the smartest man in the world, Lex Luthor. Although they have a friendly partnehip in 1950's World's Finest Comics #88, later unio emphasized their mutual hostility and clashing egos.[146] Despite his tendency to kill subordinates on a whim, the Joker has no difficulty attracting henchmen with a seemingly infinite cash supply and intimidation: they are too afraid of their employer to refuse his demands that they wear red clown noses or laugh at macabre jokes.[138] Even with his unpredictability and lack of superhuman powe, the 2007 limited series Salvation Run sees hundreds of villai fall under his spell because they are more afraid of him than the alternative: Luthor.[147] Batman #186 (1966) introduced the Joker's fit sidekick: the one-shot character, Gaggy Gagsworth, who is short, and dressed like a clown; the character was later resurrected as an enemy of his replacement, Harley Quinn.[148][149] Introduced in the 1992 animated series, Quinn is the Joker's former Arkham psychiatrist who develops an obsessive infatuation with him and do a red-and-black harlequin costume to join him in the 1999 graphic novel Batman: Harley Quinn. Although Quinn loves the Joker, he is obsessed with Batman and uses her to achieve his goals at her expee. Despite violent abuse, she retur to him.[150][149] The Joker is sometimes shown to keep hyenas as pets; this trait was introduced in the 1977 animated series The New Adventures of Batman.[138] A 1976 issue of Batman Family introduced Duela Dent as the Joker's daughter, though her parentage claim was later proven to be false.[39] Although his chief obsession is Batman, the character has occasionally ventured outside Gotham City to fight Batman's superhero allies. In "To Laugh and Die in Metropolis" (1987) the character kidnaps Lois Lane, distracting Superman with a nuclear weapon. The story is notable for the Joker taking on a (relative) god and the ease with which Superman defeats him—it took only 17 pages. Asked why he came to Metropolis, the Joker replies simply: "Oh Superman, why not?"[151] In 1995, the Joker fought his third major DC hero: Wonder Woman, who drew on the Greek god of trickery to temper the Joker's humor and shatter his confidence.[152] The character has joined supervillain groups like the Injustice Gang and the Injustice League, to take on superhero groups like the Justice League.[153][154] Cultural impact and legacy Three smiling live-action villai next to electronic equipment Cesar Romero as the Joker in the 1966 movie Batman (based on the TV series of the same name), with Burgess Meredith (left) as the Penguin and Frank Gohin as the Riddler The Joker is coidered one of the most-recognizable and iconic fictional characte in popular culture (Batman's arguable equal),[155][156][157] one of the best comic villai, and one of the greatest villai of all time.[158][159] The character was well-liked following his debut, appearing in nine out of the fit twelve Batman issues, and remained one of Batman's most popular foes throughout his publication.[160] The character is coidered one of the four top comic book characte, alongside Batman, Superman, and Spider-Man.[157] Indeed, when DC Comics released the original series of Greatest Stories Ever Told (1987–1988) featuring collectio of stories about heroes like Batman and Superman, the Joker was the only villain included alongside them.[161] The character has been the focus of ethical discussion on the desirability of Batman (who adheres to an unbreakable code forbidding killing) saving lives by murdering the Joker (a relentless dealer of death). These debates weigh the positive (stopping the Joker permanently) agait its effect on Batman's character and the possibility that he might begin killing all criminals.[117][162][163] In 2006, the Joker was number one on Wizard magazine's "100 Greatest Villai of All Time."[164] In 2008 Wizard's list of "200 Greatest Comic Book Characte of All Time" placed the Joker fifth,[165] and the character was eighth on Empire's list of "50 Greatest Comic Book Characte" (the highest-ranked villain on both lists).[166] In 2009, the Joker was second on IGN's list of "Top 100 Comic Book Villai,"[167] and in 2011, Wired named him "Comics' Greatest Supervillain."[168] Complex, CollegeHumor, and WhatCulture named the Joker the greatest comic book villain of all time[156][132][169] while IGN listed him the top DC Comics villain in 2013,[170] and Newsarama as the greatest Batman villain.[102] The Joker's popularity (and his role as Batman's enemy) has involved the character in most Batman-related media, from television to video games.[2][7] These adaptatio of the character have been received positively[21] on film,[171][172] television,[173] and in video games.[174] As in the comics, the character's peonality and appearance shift; he is campy, ferocious or utable, depending on the author and the intended audience.[21] The character ipired theme-park roller coaste (The Joker's Jinx,[175][176] The Joker in Mexico and California,[177][178] and The Joker Chaos Coaster),[179] and featured in story-based rides such as Justice League: Battle for Metropolis.[179] The Joker is one of the few comic book supervillai to be represented on children's merchandise and toys, appearing on items including action figures, trading cards, board games, money boxes, pajamas, socks, and shoes.[180][157] The Jokermobile was a popular toy; a Corgi die-cast metal replica was successful during the 1950s, and in the 1970s a Joker-styled, Flower power-era Volkswagen microbus was manufactured by Mego.[138] In 2015, "The Joker: A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime" became the fit academic book to be published about a supervillain.[157] Literary analysis A large playing card bearing the Joker's face stands before a series of art works featuring the Joker A 2015 art exhibition at the Barcelona International Comics Convention focused on the Joker, celebrating the character's 75th anniveary.[181] Since the Bronze Age of Comics, the Joker has been interpreted as an archetypal trickster, displaying talents for cunning intelligence, social engineering, pranks, theatricality, and idiomatic humor. Like the trickster, the Joker alternates between malicious violence and clever, harmless whimsy.[182] He is amoral and not driven by ethical coideratio, but by a shameless and iatiable nature, and although his actio are condemned as evil, he is necessary for cultural robustness.[183] The trickster employs amoral and immoral acts to destabilize the status quo and reveal cultural, political, and ethical hypocrisies that society attempts to ignore.[184] However, the Joker diffe in that his actio typically only benefit himself.[185] The Joker possesses abnormal body imagery, reflecting an inveion of order. The trickster is simultaneously subhuman and superhuman, a being that indicates a lack of unity in body and mind.[186] In Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, the Joker serves as Batman's trickster guide through the hero's own psyche, testing him in various ways before ultimately offering to cede his rule of the Asylum to Batman.[187] Rather than the typical anarchist interpretation, othe have analysed the character as a Marxist (opposite to Batman's capitalist), arguing that anarchism requires the rejection of all authority in favor of uncontrolled freedom.[188] The Joker rejects most authority, but retai his own, using his actio to coerce and coolidate power in himself and convert the masses to his own way of thinking, while eliminating any that oppose him.[189] In The Killing Joke, the Joker is an abused member of the underclass who is driven iane by failings of the social system.[190] The Joker rejects material needs, and his fit appearance in Batman #1 sees him perpetrate crimes agait Gotham's wealthiest men and the judge who had sent him to prison.[191] Batman is wealthy, yet the Joker is able to triumph through his own innovatio.[192] Ryan Litsey described the Joker as an example of a "Nietzschean Superman," arguing that a fundamental aspect of Friedrich Nietzsche's Superman, the "will to power," is exemplified in all of the Joker's actio, providing a master morality to Batman's slave morality.[193] The character's indomitable "will to power" mea he is never discouraged by being caught or defeated and he is not restrained by guilt or remoe.[194] Joker represents the master, who creates rules and defines them, who judges othe without needing approval, and for whom something is good because it benefits him.[195] He creates his own morality and is bound only by his own rules without aspiring to something higher than himself, unlike Batman, the slave, who makes a distinction between good and evil, and is bound to rules outside of himself (such as his avoidance of killing), in his quest for justice.[196] The Joker has no defined origin story that requires him to question how he came to be, as like the Superman he does not regret or assess the past and only moves forward.[197] The Joker's controlling and abusive relatiohip with Harley Quinn has been analyzed as a mea of the Joker reinforcing his own belief in his power in a world where he may be killed or neutralized by another villain or Batman.[198] Joker mirro his identity through Harley in her appearance, and even though he may ignore or act indifferent towards her, he continues to try and subject her to his control.[198] When Harley successfully defeats Batman in Mad Love (1994), the Joker, emasculated by his own failure, severely injures her out of fear of what the other villai will think of him; however, while Harley recove, the Joker sends her flowe, which she accepts, reasserting his control over her.[199] Harley's co-creator, Paul Dini, describes their relatiohip as Harley being someone who makes the Joker feel better about himself, and who can do the work that he does not want to do himself.[200] In the 1999 one-shot comic Batman: Harley Quinn, the Joker decides to kill Harley, after admitting that he does care for her, that their relatiohip is romantic, and that these feelings prevent him from fulfilling his purpose.[201] Removing the traditional male-female relatiohip, such as in the Batman: Thrillkiller storyline where the Joker (Bianca Steeplechase) is a female and involved in a lesbian relatiohip with Harley, their relatiohip lacks any aspects of violence or subjugation.[202] In other media Main article: Joker in other media Smiling, middle-aged man in black jacket and shirt Young man with short beard, looking past the camera Mark Hamill voiced the Joker in animation and video games for two decades, and Heath Ledger won a posthumous Academy Award for his interpretation of the character in 2008's The Dark Knight. The Joker has appeared in a variety of media, including television series, animated and live-action films. WorldCat (a catalog of libraries in 170 countries) records over 250 productio featuring the Joker as a subject, including films, books, and video games,[180] and Batman films featuring the character are typically the most successful.[125] The character's earliest on-screen adaptation was in the 1966 television series Batman and its film adaptation Batman, in which he was played as a cackling prankster by Cesar Romero (reflecting his contemporary comic counterpart).[155][203][204] The Joker then appeared in the animated television series The Adventures of Batman (1968, voiced by Larry Storch),[205] The New Adventures of Batman (1977, voiced by Lennie Weinrib)[206] and The Super Powe Team: Galactic Guardia (1985, voiced by Frank Welker).[207][208] A darker veion of the Joker (played by Jack Nicholson) made his film debut in 1989's Batman, which earned over $400 million at the worldwide box office. The role was a defining performance in Nicholson's career and was coidered to ovehadow Batman's, with film critic Roger Ebert saying that the audience must sometimes remind themselves not to root for the Joker.[209][210] Batman's success led to the 1992 television series, Batman: The Animated Series. Voiced by Mark Hamill, the Joker retained the darker tone of the comics in stories acceptable for young children.[211][212] Hamill's Joker is coidered a defining portrayal, and he voiced the character in spin-off films (1993's Batman: Mask of the Phantasm and 2000's Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker), video games (2001's Batman: Vengeance), related series (1996's Superman: The Animated Series, 2000's Static Shock and 2001's Justice League), action figures, toys and amusement-park voiceove.[213][214][215][216] A redesigned Joker, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, appeared in 2004's The Batman; Richardson was the fit African-American to play the character.[217][218] After Christopher Nolan's successful 2005 Batman film reboot, Batman Begi, which ended with a teaser for the Joker's involvement in a sequel, the character appeared in 2008's The Dark Knight, played by Heath Ledger as an avatar of anarchy and chaos.[219][220] While Batman Begi earned a worldwide total of $370 million;[221] The Dark Knight earned over $1 billion and was the highest-grossing film of the year, setting several box-office records (including highest-grossing midnight opening, opening day and opening weekend).[222][223] Ledger won a posthumous Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance, the fit acting Oscar ever won for a superhero film.[224][225] The Joker has featured in a number of animated projects, such as 2009's Batman: The Brave and the Bold (voiced by Jeff Bennett)[226] and 2011's Young Justice (voiced by Brent Spiner),[227] and comic book adaptatio (including 2010's Batman: Under the Red Hood, in which he is voiced by John DiMaggio). In 2012, Michael Emeon voiced the character in a two-part animated adaptation of The Dark Knight Retur.[228][229] The television series Gotham (2014–2019) explores the mythology of the Joker through twin brothe "Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska" played by Cameron Monaghan.[230] Jared Leto portrayed the Joker in Suicide Squad (2016),[231] and Zach Galifianakis voiced the character in The Lego Batman Movie (2017).[232] In August 2017, Warner Bros. revealed pla for a standalone film based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips.[233] Joaquin Phoenix portrays the character in Joker, which was released in 2019.[234] The Joker has also been featured in video games. Hamill returned to voice the character in 2009's critically acclaimed Batman: Arkham Asylum, its equally praised 2011 sequel Batman: Arkham City and the multiplayer DC Univee Online.[235] Hamill was replaced by Troy Baker for the 2013 prequel, Batman: Arkham Origi, and the Arkham series' animated spin-off Batman: Assault on Arkham,[213][236][237][238] while Hamill returned for the 2015 series finale, Batman: Arkham Knight.[239] Richard Epcar voiced the Joker in the 2008 fighting game, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Univee,[240] 2013's Injustice: Gods Among Us,[241] and 2017's Injustice 2.[242] The character also appeared in Lego Batman: The Videogame (2008), Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes (2012) and its animated adaptation, and Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham (2014) (the latter three voiced by Christopher Corey Smith).[243][244][245] Anthony Ingruber voices the Joker in Batman: The Telltale Series (2016)[246] and Batman: The Enemy Within (2017).[247] References Numerical control From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Cnc) Jump to navigationJump to search "CNC" redirects here. For other uses, see CNC (disambiguation). "Numerics" redirects here. For the field of computer science, see Numerical analysis. A CNC machine that operates on wood Numerical control (also computer numerical control, and commonly called CNC) is the automated control of machining tools (drills, boring tools, lathes) and 3D printe by mea of a computer. A CNC machine processes a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to meet specificatio by following a coded programmed itruction and without a manual operator. A CNC machine is a motorized maneuverable tool and often a motorized maneuverable platform, which are both controlled by a computer, according to specific input itructio. Itructio are delivered to a CNC machine in the form of a sequential program of machine control itructio such as G-code and then executed. The program can be written by a peon or, far more often this century, generated by graphical computer-aided design (CAD) software. In the case of 3D Printe, the part to be printed is "sliced", before the itructio (or the program) is generated. 3D printe also use G-Code. CNC is a vast improvement over non-computerized machining that must be manually controlled (e.g., using devices such as hand wheels or leve) or mechanically controlled by pre-fabricated pattern guides (cams). In modern CNC systems, the design of a mechanical part and its manufacturing program is highly automated. The part's mechanical dimeio are defined using CAD software, and then tralated into manufacturing directives by computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. The resulting directives are traformed (by "post processor" software) into the specific commands necessary for a particular machine to produce the component, and then are loaded into the CNC machine. Since any particular component might require the use of a number of different tools – drills, saws, etc. – modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other itallatio, a number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operato that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD. Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Parts Description 4 Examples of CNC machines 4.1 Other CNC tools 5 Tool / machine crashing 6 Numerical precision and equipment backlash 7 Positioning control system 8 M-codes 9 G-codes 10 Coding 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History Main article: History of numerical control The fit NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with moto that moved the tool or part to follow points fed into the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital compute, creating the modern CNC machine tools that have revolutionized machining processes. Description Motion is controlling multiple axes, normally at least two (X and Y),[1] and a tool spindle that moves in the Z (depth). The position of the tool is driven by direct-drive stepper moto or servo moto in order to provide highly accurate movements, or in older desig, moto through a series of step-down gea. Open-loop control works as long as the forces are kept small enough and speeds are not too great. On commercial metalworking machines, closed loop controls are standard and required in order to provide the accuracy, speed, and repeatability demanded. Parts Description As the controller hardware evolved, the mills themselves also evolved. One change has been to enclose the entire mechanism in a large box as a safety measure, often with additional safety interlocks to eure the operator is far enough from the working piece for safe operation. Most new CNC systems built today are 100% electronically controlled. CNC-like systems are used for any process that can be described as movements and operatio. These include laser cutting, welding, friction stir welding, ultrasonic welding, flame and plasma cutting, bending, spinning, hole-punching, pinning, gluing, fabric cutting, sewi
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